In this study, we employed microscopy, patented by Keysight Technologies, Inc., MAC Mode atomic force, which uses a magnetically-driven oscillating probe with an oscillation amplitude significantly smaller than that of fluid tapping mode, or Tapping Mode. MAC Mode was shown to image DNA molecules at a much higher resolution (about 1 nm) than other AFM techniques. We utilized MAC Mode to investigate DNA minicircles constructed from phased sequence motifs known to bend DNA.
